The Manager Omnipotent or Symbolic - 865 Words

CHAPTER SUMMARY – CHAPTER 3 The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic âÅ"“ Contrast the actions of managers according to the omnipotent and symbolic views. âÅ"“ Explain the parameters of managerial discretion. According to the omnipotent view, managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. However, the symbolic view argues that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control. The parameters of managerial discretion (see Exhibit 3-1) include the organization’s culture and the environment in which the organization exists. However, these parameters don’t totally constrain a manager; managers can and do influence their culture and environment. The†¦show more content†¦The impact of a strong culture on managers is that as the culture becomes stronger, it has an increasing impact on what managers do and constrains their decision-making options as they plan, organize, lead, and control. An organization’s culture and general way of doing things are largely the result of what it has done before and how successful it has been doing things that way. The original source of the culture usually reflects the vision or mission of the organization’s founders. (See Exhibit 3-5.) Culture is transmitted to employees through stories (narratives of significant events or people); rituals (repetitive sequences of activities); material symbols (objects, facilities, and other aspects of the physical work environment); and language (special and unique terms, acronyms, and jargon). These elements help employees â€Å"learn† what values and behaviors are important as well as who exemplifies those values. Culture affec ts how managers plan, organize, lead, and control. (See Exhibit 3-6.) Current Organizational Culture Issues Facing Managers âÅ"“ Describe the characteristics of an ethical culture, an innovative culture, and a customer-responsive culture. âÅ"“ Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern. âÅ"“ Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization. A culture that is most likely to shape high ethical standards isShow MoreRelatedThe Omnipotent View of Management1331 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Summary The  omnipotent view  of management says that managers are directly responsible for the success or failure of an organization. This is a dominate view in management theory and society in general. The symbolic view of management takes the view much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside the manager’ control. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge executive who can overcome any obstacle in carryingRead MoreManaging And Being A Leader Share Similar Traits1487 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolling. For a manager to reach success, leadership is a critical factor a manager must implement daily. There are two views regarding how a manager enacts leadership. One view, the direct responsibility for an organizations success or failure links directly to the manager, or the organizations success or failure is due to external forces outside the managers control. These two categories of lea dership are the guidelines that depict how a manager handles obstacles on a daily basis. Managers implementRead MorePrincipal of Management.Ppt7538 Words   |  31 PagesOrganizational Culture and Environment: The Constraints True/False Questions THE MANAGER: OMNIPOTENT OR SYMBOLIC? 1. In the symbolic view of management, managers are seen as directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. (False; easy; pp. 58-59) 2. The current dominant assumption in management theory suggests that managers are omnipotent. (True; moderate; p. 58) 3. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge business executiveRead MoreFriendship1725 Words   |  7 Pagespositively towards the community. These principles would also lead the top  management to embrace diversity as an essential component. Q2) Do you think Howard Schultz views his role more from the omnipotent or from the symbolic perspective? Explain. Answer: The Role of Schultz in Starbucks was more  of an â€Å"Omnipotent† One because he was the one who lead the  organization towards its goals. He was directly responsible for the major  decisions making. His vision and ideas clearly reflect what Starbucks workingRead MoreManagement and the Body Shop1476 Words   |  6 Pages1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldnt deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Read More Management And The Body Shop Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pages1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldnt deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Read MoreManagement Theory and Practice: Reading Assessment1519 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Management Theory Practice Chapters 1 2 Reading Assessment 1) A ________ is an example of a first-line manager. A) division manager B) store manager C) regional manager D) shift manager 2) ________ have titles such as executive vice president, chief operating officer, and chief executive officer. A) Team leaders B) Middle managers C) First-line managers D) Top managers 3) ________ involves ensuring that work activities are completed efficiently and effectively by the people responsibleRead MoreLeaders Like Martin Luther King, Jr.1149 Words   |  5 Pagesarose in the civil rights movement as a beacon of change, equality and eventually for peace. The power of the charismatic leader is often defined by how the followers perceive and act. Researchers believe that the leader possesses a great amount of symbolic power in which the followers not only identify with, but also develop strong emotional attachments. This emotional attachment can be so strong that the followers have often perceived the charismatic leader as a savior (Conger Kanungo, 1987). Read MoreWhy Managers Are Responsible For Success1709 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the 21st century, managers have become a formidable presence in essentially any organisation’s day-to-day operations, often wielding tremendous influence and power. Seeing that managers possess such incisive authority, many believe that managers can therefore be significantly instrumental in cultivating success. Managers, in the main, are responsible for such accomplishments. However due to consistent changes within the socio-economic, cultural, technological and political environments, others Read MoreFactors That Have Been Used By Managers2556 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction There are many theories and strategies that managers used to achieve business success. The strategy research and ‘practical’ models assumes that organizations are able to adapt to their environment. However that is not necessarily the case as there are many examples of mainstream approach that has been criticised for not taking into account how environments can also constrain individuals and organisations. Mainstream approach such as organizational ecology and institutional theory is

Brutality, Or Something More - 3461 Words

Chad Roberge Brutality, or Something More? Police brutality has become a huge issue in the United States. From the Rodney King incident to the riots caused after the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, perceptions of the police have become increasingly negative. Police brutality occurs when a police officer uses any excessive force in handling a legal situation with a civilian (Umbach, 2003). Excessive force usually involves getting into a physical altercation, or using items like pepper spray, a Taser, batons, or nerve gas to subdue a suspect. It can also involve verbal and psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, corruption, racial profiling, and false arrests. I wanted to examine the history, causes, and possible solutions proposed to put an end to police brutality in the world today. Some of the first reported cases of police brutality occurred in seventeenth and eighteenth century France. Officers were known for going on patrol and bludgeoning citizens with nightsticks (Johnson, 2 004). The first newspaper reporting of police brutality was by the Chicago Tribune, which occurred in 1872, when a prisoner was fatally injured by officers while in a jail cell (Chicago Daily Tribune, 1872). In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, police brutality was a huge problem when labor strikes were occurring in the U.S. (Aboukhadijeh, 2012). One of the major cases of police brutality occurred in 1991, when Rodney King was severely beaten by police officers inShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Brutality against African American people has begun to take a toll on our communities. African American communities cannot even trust the police, because of the way they are being treated unfairly by a police officers of them distract or their state. Which is why the police are being coming more advanced in technology, but still fail to use their powers as an officer correctly. This cause the police officers are using misconduct against African American people when confronted by them. ThisRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Extremely Serious Offence885 Words   |  4 Pageshis authority? Who do you call when the peacemakers are disturbing your peace and just adding to the crime rates in America? Police brutality is a crime very much present in today s society just as it was present during the civil rights movements of the 1960’s and years after that . It is a very big issue in our highly populated cities in america. Police brutality is an extremely serious offence. And despite all that has been done such as laws being enforced and police officers getting indicted(veryRead MoreEssay On Police Brutality791 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement to take action on racism and abuse. Police brutality is not only a problem within The United States, but a global problem with six other countries participating including Europe, Africa, England, Amsterdam, Ireland and the United Kingdom. In 1991 the brutal beating of Rodney King by the Los Angeles police was a moment in history that now defines the way that African Americans are treated by police officers. Since 1991, police brutality has gone up 66% according to USA Today. In 1992 a riotRead MorePolice Brutality Is Not A New Occurrence930 Words   |  4 Pageswho doesn’t obey. This image is one that has been fashioned by police brutality. Police brutality is defined as the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profiling, political repression and the improper use of Tasers. To begin with, police brutality is not a new occurrence; it has been around as long as there has beenRead MorePolice Contaliality : The Problem Of Police Brutality1460 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality needs to be addressed because sometimes police use too much force on suspects when there is no reason too. Most police brutality goes unreported due to suspects being afraid to speak up. Most police misconduct is making untrue statements and filing untrue reports. Some police think that citizens should always defer to them and their authority. Most suspects believe that they do not need to do what is asked of a police officer and that leads to police misconduct. Younger officersRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects1413 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are fit for the job or if something should be changed. Police brutality is the malicious use of excessive force, often in the form of physical actions, but also common in verbal abuse and psychological intimidation by a police officer. The word â€Å"Brutality† is defined in various ways; in this sense, it is ferocious cruelty. â€Å"The term ‘Police Brutality’ has been used by the American Press from as early as 1872.† However, there have also been cases of police brutality in certain areas long beforeRead MorePolice Brutality Reflects Negatively On Society1161 Words   |  5 PagesHull-Goings Mrs. Fritz English 12 7 March 2017 Police Brutality The increase in police brutality reflects negatively on society. Police officers should maintain charges when they abuse their power of authority. Police brutality mostly happens to young, small, and poor kids in the streets that do not live in a home with their biological family (Berezina 2). Police treat young street adults as if they do not know how to act. Police brutality appears to be rampant because of racism, lack of trainingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Police Brutality1467 Words   |  6 Pagesday. I thought whenever you become an officer, you have sworn to protect us. Police brutality is a major issue in our society today. Police work is dangerous. In the past, police officers were considered peacekeepers. Police have been occupied in shootings, severe beatings, and unnecessarily rough treatments to our people instead of focusing on protecting us. Racism has always been the main cause of police brutality. Black men are constantly harassed by the police and routinely brut alized even whenRead MorePsychology Is Everywhere You Look957 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology, begins to explore the social, cognitive, and emotional roots of prejudice within society (545). Prejudice has remained a huge obstacle throughout world history. With the recent murders of unarmed African American men, the aspect of police brutality begins to relate back to prejudice. According to Jesse Holland of the Associated Press, the recent murder of Mike Brown has brought forth several marches and racial unrest within the African American community. With this example of social unrestRead MoreRacism : The Main Causes Of Police Brutality709 Words   |  3 PagesPolice brutality has been an issue for many decades and still is a concern that people have. Officers shouldn’t even think about using that type of violence around people unless it is absolutely necessary. Police brutality has even come to a point of death. According to Encyclopedia.com, police brutality is â€Å"the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose†. In other words, police brutality is when an officer takes advantage of their power. Racism is

Taxation Law Australia

Questions: 1. Alan is an employee at ABC Pty Ltd (ABC). He has negotiated the following remuneration package with ABC: salary of $300,000; payment of Alan's mobile phone bill ($220 per month, including GST). Alan is under a two-year contract whereby he is required to pay a fixed sum each month for unlimited usage of his phone. Alan uses the phone for work-related purposes only; Payment of Alan's children's school fees ($20,000 per year). The school fees are GST free. ABC also provided Alan with the latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000 (including GST). At the end of the year ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for all 20 employees and their partners. The total cost of the dinner was $6,600 including GST. (a) Advise ABC of its FBT consequences arising out of the above information, including calculation of any FBT liability, for the year ending 31 March 2015. Assume that ABC would be entitled to input tax credits in relation to any GST-inclusive acquisitions. (b) How would your answer to (a) differ if ABC only had 5 employees? (c) How would your answer to (a) differ if clients of ABC also attended the end-of-year dinner? 2. Rubber Co manufactures tennis balls. On 1 January 2010, Rubber Co purchased a new machine for $1.1m (inclusive of GST) which it used to produce the tin cans in which its tennis balls were placed for sale to retailers. At the time of acquiring the machine , Rubber Co estimated that the machine would have an effective life of 10 years before it needed to be replaced. Subsequently, on 1 January 2014, as a result of new technology, a better quality machine became available and Rubber Co decided to sell the original machine for $330,000 (inclusive of GST) and purchase a new machine for $2.2m (inclusive of GST). Requirement: What are the tax consequences of these arrangements under Div 40ITAA97? Answers: (1). Fringe Benefit Tax The fringe benefits are mainly certain types of benefits that provided by the employers to the employees other than cash benefits such as salary, wages, commissions or rewards. The assessable fringe benefit is when the fringe benefit exceeded $2,000 in a fringe benefit tax year as per rules prescribed by Australian (Body, 2008) Taxation office. As per the undertaken case study the ABC PTY Ltd provides one of its employee named Alan mobile phone bill $220/month including GST, as Alan use the phone for office use only thus its will be not included in fringe benefit. Besides this, the company pay Alans childrens school fees $20,000/year and it must be included in fringe benefit. Besides this, company provide Alan a latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000, including GST it must be included as fringe benefit (Martin, Gregor and Rice, 2008). Apart from this, company spend $6,600, including GST in a Thai restaurant for the dinner of its 20 employees with their partner. This amount wi ll be included in fringe benefit. In this case the fringe benefit tax will be calculated as follows: a) ABC have to pay fringe benefit tax for Alans childrens school fees $20,000/year as it is GST free thus it is considered type 2 benefit. The tax rate will be applied @ 1.9608 (Taxation reform blueprint, 2004). $20,000*1.9608 = $39,216 FBT rate 49% thus $39,216*49% = $19215.84 For the handset provided by the company $2,000 including GST is considered as type 1 benefit. The tax rate will be applied @ 2.1463 $2,000*2.1463 = $4292.60 FBT rate 49% thus $4292.60*49% = $2103.374 (WALLER, 2007). The company spend $6,600, including GST in a Thai restaurant for dinner of the 20 employees, which is considered as type 1 benefit. The tax rate will be applied @ 2.1463 $6,600*2.1463 = $ 14165.58 FBT Rate 49% thus $ 14165.58 * 49% = $6941.1342 b) No, the answer will be the same as the company has to pay the same cost. c) Yes, this time the answer will be differ as the clients also included in the dinner thus it will not be fringe benefit and it will be considered as business meeting and the employees are supposed to perform their duties. (2). In the year 2010, on 1st January, Rubber Co purchased a new machine at the rate of $1.1m including the GST and the effectiveness of the machines is seemed to be 10 years. In the year 2014, 1st January, Rubber Co decided to sell off the original machine at the rate of the $330,000 with including the GST and thus the company was also able to purchase the new machine at the rate of $2.2m with the inclusion of GST (WALLER, 2007). Thus according to the tax consequences of the arrangements that are made according to the Div 40ITAA97, the taxes should be paid for the growth and the expansion of the purchases for the sales and thus it also helps for continuation of the purchases and the one sell. According to the act of the Div 40ITAA97, the company Rubber Co has to pay all the taxes with including the number of times the purchases and the sales of the goods takes place. Thus for the proper following of the taxation system, the Div 40ITAA97 is applied in the case of the maintenance of the we bsite for the proper generation of the bills and thus helps in the maintenance of the accounts of the company (Martin, Gregor and Rice, 2008). The usage of the accounting software is also included for the enhancement of the proper maintenance of the account of the company and thus it also helps in the reduction of the taxes for the proper carrying out the business process. References Body, J. (2008). Design in the Australian Taxation Office.Design Issues, 24(1), pp.55-67. Martin, N., Gregor, S. and Rice, J. (2008). User centred information design practices and processes at the Australian Taxation Office.Information Design Journal, 16(1), pp.53-67. Taxation reform blueprint. (2004). [Barton, A.C.T.]: Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. WALLER, V. (2007). The Challenge of Institutional Integrity in Responsive Regulation: Field Inspections by the Australian Taxation Office.Law Policy, 29(1), pp.67-83.

Effect of Processing and Packaging Materials on the Storability and Microorganisms Associated with Garcinia kola free essay sample

In developing countries, processing of agricultural produce is one of the major problems. During harvesting period 85% of the produce goes to waste due to glut and short shelf life, but the major goal is to guarantee stable supply throughout the year (Emebiri LC Nwufo MI. 1990, Ihejirika et al. 2015). In Nigeria, the high demand of bitter kola seeds in the market makes improvement of processing a priority and also for industrial usage. Locally, the ripe fruits that fall from the tree are collected and spread in the open air until the pericarp and the pulpy mesocarp softens. Immediately, the fruits are threshed to release the seeds then the sticky substance that covers the seed is thoroughly washed (Ihejirika et al. 2015).According to (Leo O 2009), processing of bitter kola for the international market demands only fresh or dried bitter kola, even though most of the importers prefer them dry with the colour not affect. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Processing and Packaging Materials on the Storability and Microorganisms Associated with Garcinia kola or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the raw materials from tree crops spoil during storage due to bad processing which leads to wastage of money and time (Kayode J and Ojoo BM 2009). The extracts from seed and dry powdered seeds have been processed into tablets, cream and tooth paste (Onunkwo et al. 2004). Some farmers in the rural areas process bitter kola faster by cutting it without softening which results in damage of seeds and disease manifestation. Soaked pulps improves seed quality but producesmicro-organisms that makes it valuable in the market (Ihejirika et al. 2015).The different investigations on processing of Garcinia kola shows that awareness and support of male and female farmers to participate in learning simple processing techniques will reduce damaging seeds add value and improve quality of the processed seeds. Farmer/marketers of bitter kola can adopt use of good packaging materials, storage and other management, which will improve the shelf life of Garcinia kola seeds and ensure moisture retention and long preservation of seeds. Pods processed in open air and those soaked in water give the best quality while seeds packaged with dry plantain and cocoyam leaves retain moisture and produces seeds of high quality, better shelf life and low associated microorganis ms (Ihejirika et al. 2015).

Summary and Experience free essay sample

When I begin to read (or reread) any book, I like to take a gander at the copyright page. You know, the one with the authors name and the date of publication and all that fancy information – the page that every student hates visiting to write a bibliography. I do this mostly because Im a bibliophile and a publishing nerd by nature. Anyway, I like to look at the publishers summary of the book. Most young adult novels have words like anorexia, maturation, school life, or family drama. These phrases are generally useless for the reader; however, the summary offers some insight into the book, no matter how shallow it may seem. The summary of Dr. Seusss Oh, the Places Youll Go is as follows:SUMMARY: Advice in rhyme for proceeding in life; weathering fear, loneliness, and confusion; and being in charge of your actions.This 19-word summary could describe virtually anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its anonymous. Its ambiguous. Its my education.The famous line adults say to kids is â€Å"High school will be the best time of your life.† Best time of my life? Well, my high school years are almost up, and I wouldnt say they were the greatest. I wouldnt say they were horrible either. I would probably need a novels worth of paper to explain them (but then my summary would sport words like maturation, school life, and family drama, and that wouldnt be good). But thats the point: nothing, no book, no time period, not even a day at the park, can be properly described in a few phrases. Nothing is what it appears, even books. The same is true with the places Im going.I know this time next year Ill be at one of the colleges I applied to, but I know little beyond that. I do not know how the quad will smell after three sweaty boys have been playing Frisbee on the grass. I do not know what days I will be up all night studying or if I will have a boyfriend who likes books as much as I do. More importantly, I cannot predict what newspaper or publishing house Ill intern at. I cannot say how good my French pronunciation will become or what grad school Ill attend. Much like the insufficient description of Oh, the Places Youll Go, no college website or guidance counselor can truly sum up what I will face next year. At college, I expect to find an open community of learners where my nerdy mind can feast. And I expect to develop my passions for writing and reading. And no matter what textbook or novel Im cracking, I know I will first turn to the copyright page, knowing that theres more to anything that meets the eye, even a French grammar book.

buy custom Cardinal Health essay

buy custom Cardinal Health essay This paper seeks to analyze the case of Cardinal Health, and particularly the distribution aspect of the business. Cardinal Health is a business that deals with health care products. For the past 15 years, Cardinal has joined the books of business as one of the largest US company that has attained growth on a per share basis exceeding 20%. This is a remarkable trend for such a company, but it is yet to be seen if Cardinal Health will be able to continue its growth considering its approach. The reason behind Cardinal Healths growth was acquisition, and it is becoming doubtful whether this approach could sustain the growth in the coming years. There were signs that the approach the business has taken could bring about negative consequences, such as accounting practices referred to as stock crushing amongst wholesalers. The practice, done by even their own suppliers - Pfizer, was driving down Cardinals stock price regardless of their healthy and steady growth in earnings. Business analy sts attribute a companys growth to different factors, but the utmost two items responsible for any business growth are high performing business management techniques and appropriate financial models and principles. This paper will scrutinize Cardinal Healths case and make recommendations on the decisions the management will have to make so as to sustain the earning per share growth (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Bob Walter, a top manager at Cardinal Health, believed that the topical blow-ups at main US companies had taken place due to ultra fast growth, unfocused strategies, and high debt. According to Walter, Cardinal Health had neither of the above shortcomings as it had grown gradually and had low debt of 16% of their total capital. In addition, the manager justifies the approach the business took for its growth, i.e. acquisition, by saying that the business had followed an acquisition program that never strayed from selling to pharmacies, pharmaceutical makers, and hospitals. Unfortunately, Walter forgets that it takes more than the above three reasons for a company to go down. The current speed bump the company was facing maybe due to other reasons apart from the debt, pace of growth, and approach the business takes in expansion. Cardinal had survived other significant threats to its stock price like Clintons health care plan, and the introduction of the Internet distribution, and, ther efore, Walter believes that this speed bump was just like the others (Tjia, 2004). When it comes to using the acquisition approach to expand a business, there are some significant decisions that a business needs to make to ensure constant growth. Drug business is a business that needs to put its customers at the forefront and, therefore, Cardinal Health should change its management to customer-focused management. This management style will increase the number of satisfied customers, and this will eventually lead to an increase in profits. Acquisition approach that Cardinal Health has taken requires teamwork and collaboration in order to overcome the current speed bump. Acquisition means other businesses coming together under the banner of Cardinal Health. In this situation, different businesses or companies will come up with ways management and operations, and for companies to learn to work together as one there has to be collaboration and teamwork (Hitchner, 2003). Cardinal Health needs to avoid the practice of relying on documented and outdated protocols and seek out new ways to do business. The current business world, especially the drug industry, requires management style that is characterized by high performance, as well as establishment and cooperation of intradepartmental and cross-disciplinary teams. The health care industry is under intense pressure to reduce its costs, yet customers demand service and functionality, and in such a case, there must be teamwork to achieve high profits. There needs to be efficient propagation of information and discussion among staff members from all corners of the business. This will be helpful in identifying possibilities for change and space for improvement from front-line operations by means of marketing. Collaboration and teamwork help in producing new ideas and the much-needed responsibility of the teams that gives the employees some sense of commitment, belonging, and potential for innovation (Souda gar Iyer, 2012). Staff development is another management technique that Cardinal Health can implement to overcome the current speed bump. Dedication to cross-training, staff development, and training pays off not only because it increases the performance and value of employees but also because it helps retain the organizations best players. Health care is a growing industry with several competitors coming up and where staff movement is on the rise. To nsure its efficient services Cardinal Health will have to retain its employees, and this will only be through staff development. By making a commitment to enhance its employees, Cardinal Health boosts their community spirit and meaning. At Cardinal health, the main trainings are to reinforce the companys brand, and this does not encompass the employees experience. On the other hand, cross-training is absolutely essential because it permits staff members to comprehend the tasks of different departments, increases teamwork, and leads to advanced organizat ional function. Efficient employees are paramount in the health care industry because unlike in other business it has no substitute goods. Under the pharmaceuticals industry, customers do not substitute their goods, and this will call for highly trained employees to manage the business (Rasiel Friga, 2001). Another notable high performance management technique that is advisable to Cardinal Health is leadership commitment, especially at the top management level. Senior leadership, which is comprised of the board of directors and chief executive office, needs to show confidence of the companys leadership and readiness to change as times are changing. Cardinal Health is a business that has been around for the past 32 years, and there are high chances that the mode of leadership is a traditional one. Traditional hierarchy maybe one of the reasons for the business current financial problems, and change in the leadership commitment will bring changes. Bob Walter and other top management need to have the commitment to the company, particularly at this time of the speed bump. From the managers statements, he considers the current speed bump as any other obstacle that the company has faced in the earlier times, and it is only for a short while. It is easy, for a business expanding on an acquisit ion approach to fail to earn profits because of poor management and lack of devotion from the leaders (Burleson, 2003). It is clear from the current slow growth of the company that the long-term future is not visible. Cardinals incredible growth for the past 15 years is slowing down because of some aspects the management did not implement from the start. The acquisition approach lacks leadership commitment, staff development, and teamwork and collaboration that are essential to sustain the companys expansion. Cardinal Health plans to expand into international markets, but with the recent records of slow growth, this seems to be an impossible task. Health care is a tremendously powerful and dynamic industry with exciting prospects for future growth in the United States. Cardinal Health, being a member of this industry, has a potential for growing to greater lengths. According to records, the consumer segment spent $610 billion on health care, and out of the total expenditure, 74% went to pharmaceuticals. This means that Cardinal, being an outstanding player in the pharmaceutical industry, has lots of i ncome. The size of Cardinal Health is also an indication of the capital, especially considering all the other businesses the company has managed to acquire. The 2006 records indicate that Cardinal Health had revenues of $81 billion, ranking number 19 on the Fortune 500. In addition, the business owned 30% of the pharmaceutical distribution business. Such high funds in a business call for proper financial model and principles in order for the business to sustain its earnings. Cardinal Health is a business that has been in the medical care industry for a long time. During this period it has expanded to be one of the largest companies in the US. It owes its success to the best financial models, such as the deterministic financial models. The momentous question concerning Cardinal Health is whether it will sustain the expansion and growth of its earnings per share for the next years. The most recommendable financial model is one that will forecast the companys future financial status, and in this case, deterministic financial models are proper. In this model, financial data is fed into a spreadsheet to undergo a number of computations before a result is displayed. Most financial models, such as a deterministic one, work well with businesses that have historical information, which helps in deriving the correlation between essential p rognostic variables. In Cardinal Healths case, we will use historical accounting connections to predict key revenue and cost variables. Through this financial model, the business will be able to tell its financial standings, and also whether the current speed bump will end. The reason as to why deterministic financial models will work well for Cardinal Health Company is because it makes use of sensitivity analysis tables of one or two-dimensional type that assess the question of uncertainty and risk in the models outcomes. Eaach of the created tables allows a monetary analyst to simultaneously conduct investigation into one or two variables. The benefit of the tables is their simplicity and effortless integration into easily accessible financial models of deterministic type that are already in place. Cardinal Health is popular for competing in four business segments, such as pharmaceutical distribution and provider, medical-surgical products and services, pharmaceuticals services and technologies, and automation and information services. The following table gives an outline of the four principal segments that Cardinal Health offer services (Jacques, 2010). Pharmaceuticals Distribution and service provider Medical Products and Services Clinical Technologies and services Pharmaceutical Technologies and Services Cardinal Distribution Allegiance - Cardinal Health Company Cardinal Health Information Companies ALP (Automated Liquid Packaging)- Cardinal Health Company Cardinal Health Provider Services Cardinal Health Staffing Network Central Pharmacy Services Cardinal Health Consulting Services Pyxis Cardinal Health company Cardinal Health Manufacturing Services Cardinal Health Sales and Marketing Services CORD Logistics Medicine Shoppe International - Cardinal Health Company Cardinal Health National PharmPak Cardinal NSS- National Specialty Services Vistant- Cardinal Health Company IPC (International Processing) - Cardinal Health Company PCI Services R.P.Scherer- Cardinal Health Company SP Pharmaceutical- Cardinal Health Company In 2002, Bob Walter stated that tradition and culture of Cardinal had given it a strong foundation for its competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry. One can not but agree with the manager that tradition and culture gives a company its foundations, but as time goes by several things change. The techniques and guidelines that may have worked for Cardinal Health in the past years may not be sufficient to manage the current competition in the health care industry. Changing the management strategies could be one way to help the company to survive its current speed bump and ensure continued expansion. In addition, the company can change its mode of expanding for instance from using the acquisition approach to concentrating on expanding its services. Having acquired most of the small businesses in the drugs industry, it is time for Cardinal to employ another approach that will improve its expansion. Health care industry comprises several other areas that Cardinal can venture into, and in turn, this will also expand the business. Currently, Cardinal Health concentrates only on four segments in the health care industry, and yet it is still growing. Diverging to other health care segments will see to its expansion and avoid the current speed bump the company is experiencing. By expanding the segments in which the company deals with Cardinal Health will also be increasing its customer base and in the end, it could capture the entire health care market. Furthermore, this will ensure that customers and suppliers do not migrate to other market niches because Cardinal will be the Most businesses undergo slow growth, especially after an extended time of expansion. In any business, time is of the essence and with time, the field keeps changing. It is up to the management and other key players in the business to transform the business to suit the changing times and environment. From Cardinal Healths historical information the company started out as a food company and later on it underwent a transformation. This transformation led to Cardinal being one of the largest health care products distributors, and it has grown for the past 15 years. It is time for Cardinal Health to transform itself, change its approaches of expansion, and the management techniques to those that will sustain its expansion trend. Lastly, the company needs to make use of use of proper financial models, i.e. deterministic financial models, that will be resplendent in forecasting the financial position of the business. Buy custom Cardinal Health essay

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature review - Essay Example Ancient Western viewpoint Intellectually In the early period of the High Middle Ages, the Islamic communities had greatly contributed to the intellectual growth of the European people. Goddard (2000) stated that the medieval Muslim scholars (e.g., Averroes) had translated into Arabic language the scientific ideas and philosophies of the Greeks such as Aristotle (Goddard, 2000: 97). He further noted that it was in the eleventh century that the Europeans were able to obtain, translate, and read the works of the Greek scientists and philosophers via their Arabic version. Goddard (2000) said that there were two specific European locations wherein the readings and translations of the Arabic texts of the Greek intellectuals were made: Spain and Sicily. By and large, Muslims were viewed by the medieval Christians, based from Goddard’s analysis, as transmitters of scientific knowledge and intellectual tradition (Goddard, 2000: 98). Economically Moreover, Glick (2005) said that the Isl amic communities had greatly shaped the notion and praxis of urbanization for the pre-11th century European people. Prior to A.D. 1000, the administration of justice practiced by the Christian nation-state of Iberian descent was â€Å"dispersed among a multiplicity† of institutions or courts throughout the land (Glick, 2005: 113). In contrast, the administration of justice prominent in Islamic communities was remarkably concentrated in the al-Andalus towns. With respect to urban practices, the influence of Muslims to the medieval Iberian Christians took place when the former created the al-Andalus region as an international market in the 8th-century period. Here, European Christians perceived Muslims as civilized people with highly organized activities pertaining to urban function. Glick’s reading of medieval Spanish urbanization significantly viewed Islam as the promoter of civilization as we know it today: concentrated at the center. Theologically In spite of the con tributions of Islam to the preservation and institution of knowledge and urbanization, the European elite had attempted to demonize, and eventually succeeded in demonizing, the expanding Muslim communities. Tolan (1996), p.xv) described how Peter the Venerable, a Christian abbot of Cluny, travelled to Spain in order to meet and convince its king for a sinister plot of attacking Islam (Tolan, 1996: xv). The abbot of Cluny conceived a plan to rationally criticize the ideas and teachings characterized in the Islamic faith; through the aid of the king of Castile and Leon, Peter the Venerable created a team of translators with the main task of translating the Qur’an and other Islamic texts from Arabic to Latin language (Tolan, 1996). Thence, Christian scholars attacked the philosophy or ideas prominent in the Islamic texts. In the process, they perceived the Muslims as akin to pagans or heretics (Lumbard, 2009: 156). Militarily In the Early Middle Ages, it must be noted that Islam was not highly considered by the medieval Christians as a religion in