Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market - Research Paper Example Different attributes of free market economy are facilitated commerce fairs without endowments or taxes from the legislature. One of the most remarkable free market economies is that the administration has extremely restricted forces in a free market economy since marker powers with respect to value control are set by purchasers and venders. Since the administration needs direct control of business tasks with respect to costs, merchants are probably going to debilitate purchasers through significant expenses (Chai 24). The administration powers are limited to giving peace in the market activities and guaranteeing that not out of the question rivalry is charged. The administration doesn't have power over participants’ passage to the market. This implies the administration doesn't specify any standards in regards to levies and dies down. In this manner, it is a monetary framework whereby just the fittest endure. In such economy, the legislature doesn't assume any job that may sup port or debilitate colleagues as just the included gatherings control the exchanges and costs. The administration is confined to making conceivable stream and working of the business condition through executing approaches and laws that assurance individuals rights and opportunities to property. In this way, the legislature isn't a contender or a market player yet improves business tasks by making a reasonable business condition (Friedman 19). China is a blended economy since the administration and the private part have an impact in the economy consequently having the two qualities of both free market economies and controlled economy. Dominant part of blended economies have solid government guidelines as the legislature gives open products and government run endeavors. In blended economies like china, creation of products and ventures are basically directed by the private part whereby markets are the significant controllers and organizers of economy. The main thrusts inside blended m arkets are benefit looking for undertakings and capital aggregation. Not at all like unadulterated free market economy in china, the legislature has bigger roundabout command over the economy by executing financial and monetary arrangements and guidelines. These approaches neutralize monetary difficulties and capitalisms’ impact towards money related emergency and difficulties towards joblessness. The legislature has a focal spot in giving social government assistance and ensuring that open products are accessible to general society (Chai 52). When all is said in done, the level of opportunity in a blended economy against government guidelines changes. The legislature is frequently answerable for giving natural assurance, keeping up joblessness gauges, and controlling rivalry. China may not fit to be a free market economy since the legislature has solid authority over swelling and provincial spending (Friedman 35). China has been fruitful since its legislature is energetic pa rticle shortage subsidizing programs since 1998 just as support of fares by charge refunds. At the point when open interest is low because of against swelling, send out advancements and money related strategies chip in to make a distinction. At the point when open interest is solid, the advancement of outer fare by government unwinds. Insights show that the financial exchange exercises are high since family units and different ventures favor their assets in increasingly fluid structures. Because of swelling flood, the administration sets arrangements and guidelines to address the monetary circumstance. Government arrangements in

Solar Energy Power (Photovoltaic Systems) Dissertation

Sun based Energy Power (Photovoltaic Systems) - Dissertation Example The paper tells that sun based vitality has been the most predominant vitality source since the beginning of human progress, however in a roundabout way. Be that as it may, with the ascent of enterprises and overwhelming apparatus, sun based vitality has lost its significance and the utilization of non-renewable energy sources has gotten ordinary. Be that as it may, as ahead of schedule as the 1970s, there have been specialists urging governments to discover elective vitality sources. For instance, in 1971 Farrington Daniels stated: As [coil, oil and gas] reduce, nuclear and sun based vitality will in the end become significant: nuclear vitality in enormous multi-million-dollar establishments close to huge urban communities and in territories where sun powered radiation is low, and sun oriented vitality in little reasonable units n country zones where sun based radiation is copious and the expense of electric transmission is high. In the interim in 1973 another analyst, George O.G. L ã ¶f said that the man needs to discover other vitality sources as the utilization of petroleum derivative is impractical. For him, the advancement of innovation that catches sun powered force is substantially more significant. He elucidates: The crude vitality, as electromagnetic radiation, comes to the earth’s air at a pace of 170 trillion kilowatts. Much after around one-fourth is dissipated into space by mists and residue, the amount of vitality arriving at the land region of the United States is in excess of multiple times the present interest for a wide range of vitality. For Lã ¶f, petroleum products must be supplanted with inexhaustible wellsprings of vitality since its stock is limited and will before long run out. Besides, as flexibly of petroleum energizes decline, its cost will increment steeply. Over 40 years after Lof’’s proclamations, the world is currently encountering the repercussions of the aimless utilization of petroleum fills. For one, co st of petroleum fills are at record significant levels. As of April 2, 2012, the cost of unleaded petroleum is recorded at ?141/liter, up by ?1.5 from the earlier week (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012a). In the mean time diesel is at ?147.7/liter from ?146.6 the earlier week (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012a). As the cost of petroleum powers increment, so do the costs of items and administrations that utilization it. Confirmation of this is the refreshed report discharged by the Office for National Statistics which evaluated expansion as of February 2012 at 3.4% and shopper value list for power, gas and different powers at 142.9 contrasted with 130.3 in December 2011 (Gooding 2012). Beside the expanding vitality costs, there is likewise the issue of environmental change, which is accepted to be the result of the fast develop of nursery in the air in view of anthropogenic exercises. To deflect the overwhelming impacts of environmental change, various nations embraced the Kyoto Protocol which ordered signatories to decrease outflows of ozone depleting substances, especially, carbon (UNFCCC 2012). This has provoked the parliament to pass the principal lawfully restricting system to handle the threats of environmental change †the Climate Change Act of 2007. Be that as it may, this was only the beginning of enactment planned to ensure the earth. In 2008, the primary Energy Act was given the Royal Assent to offer help to new advances planned for catching carbon and creating rising sustainable innovations. On account of these laws, sun oriented force has been rediscovered and is currently one of the most advanced inexhaustible wellspring of vitality since it tends to be found anyplace. In a discourse by Greg Barker (2011) he stated, â€Å"to date, sun powered has been by a wide margin the most mainstream innovation with purchasers. It is anything but difficult to perceive any reason why: it’s basic, available, dependable and fit s circumspectly into homes and communities†. A promoter of decentralized vitality age (or microgeneration), Barker propelled the feed-in-levies (FITs) for families and networks needing to introduce a sun powered photovoltaic (PV) framework. Along these lines, individuals can put resources into â€Å"small-scale low-carbon power, as an end-result of an ensured installment from an

Biography of Ashoka the Great, Indias Mauryan Emperor

Memoir of Ashoka the Great, India's Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great (c. 304â€232 BCE) was the sovereign of Indias Maurya Dynasty from 268 to 232 BCE and is associated with his wonderful transformation to peacefulness and his forgiving rule. In 265 BCE in the wake of seeing the demolition of his own assault on the Kalinga locale, he changed over from being a fierce winner of an immense realm to a considerate head who effectively managed by peaceful standards. His declarations supported the insurance of creatures, benevolence for crooks, and resilience of different religions. Quick Facts: Ashoka the Great Known For: Ashoka was the leader of Indias Mauryan Empire; after a revelation, he turned into an advertiser of Buddhist non-violence.Born: 304 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan EmpireParents: Bindusara and DharmaDied: 232 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan EmpireSpouse(s): Devi, Kaurwaki affirmed; numerous others allegedChildren: Mahinda, Kunala, Tivala, JalaukaNotable Quote: Dharma is acceptable. Furthermore, what is Dharma? It is having scarcely any flaws and numerous products deeds, leniency, noble cause, honesty, and virtue. Early Life In 304 BCE, the second ruler of the Maurya Dynasty, Bindusara, invited a child named Ashoka Bindusara Maurya into the world. The young men mother Dharma was just an ordinary person. She had a few more seasoned kids relatives of Ashoka-so Ashoka appeared to be probably not going to ever rise the position of authority. Ashoka grew up to be a striking, inconvenient, and coldblooded youngster who was in every case very partial to chasing. As per legend, he murdered a lion utilizing just a wooden stick. His more established relatives dreaded Ashokaâ and persuaded his dad to post him as a general to far off boondocks of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka end up being a capable general, putting down a defiance in the Punjabi city of Taxshila. Mindful that his siblings saw him as an adversary for the honored position, Ashoka went into banish for a long time in the neighboring nation of Kalinga. While he was there, he began to look all starry eyed at and later wedded an average citizen, a fisher-lady named Kaurwaki. Prologue to Buddhism Bindusara reviewed his child to Maurya to help control an uprising in Ujjain, the previous capital of the Avanti Kingdom. Ashoka succeeded however was harmed in the battling. Buddhist priests watched out for the injured ruler stealthily with the goal that his oldest sibling, the beneficiary evident Susima, would not learn of Ashokas wounds. As of now, Ashoka authoritatively changed over to Buddhism and started grasping its standards, however they were in direct clash with his life as a general. He met and began to look all starry eyed at a lady from Vidisha called Devi who likewise took care of his wounds during this period. The couple later wedded. When Bindusara kicked the bucket in 275 BCE, a two-year war for the royal position ejected among Ashoka and his stepbrothers. The Vedic sources differ on what number of Ashokas siblings kicked the bucket one says that he executed them all while another states that he murdered a few of them. In either case, Ashoka won and turned into the third leader of the Mauryan Empire. Magnificent Rule For the initial eight years of his rule, Ashoka pursued close steady war on encompassing areas. He had acquired a sizable realm, yet he extended it to incorporate a large portion of the Indian subcontinent, just as the region from the current-day fringes of Iran and Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh and Burma outskirt in the east. Just the southern tip of India and Sri Lankaâ and the realm of Kalinga on the upper east bank of India stayed out of his range. In 265 BCE, Ashoka assaulted Kalinga. Despite the fact that it was the country of his second spouse Kaurwaki and the ruler of Kalinga had shielded Ashoka before his climb to the position of authority, the Mauryan head accumulated the biggest intrusion power in Indian history and propelled his attack. Kalinga retaliated fearlessly, however at long last it was vanquished and the entirety of its urban areas were sacked. Ashoka had driven the attack face to face, and he went out into the capital city of Kalinga the morning after his triumph to overview the harm. The destroyed houses and bloodied carcasses of about 150,000 killed regular people and troopers sickened the ruler, and he encountered a strict revelation. Despite the fact that he had viewed himself as pretty much a Buddhist preceding that day, the massacre at Kalinga drove Ashoka to give himself totally to Buddhism, and he promised to rehearse ahimsa, or nonviolence,â from that day forward. Proclamations Had Ashoka essentially promised to himself that he would live as indicated by Buddhist standards, later ages would likely not recall his name. Nonetheless, he distributed his goals for the entire domain to peruse. Ashoka worked out a progression of declarations, clarifying his strategies and yearnings for the domain and encouraging others to follow his illuminated model. The Edicts of King Ashoka were cut onto mainstays of stone 40 to 50 feet high and set up all around the edges of the Mauryan Empire just as in the core of Ashokas domain. Many these columns can even now be found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In his decrees, Ashoka pledged to think about his kin like a dad and guaranteed neighboring individuals that they need not dread him-that he would utilize just influence, not viciousness, to prevail upon individuals. Ashoka noticed that he had made accessible shade and organic product trees for the individuals just as clinical consideration for all individuals and creatures. His anxiety for living things likewise showed up in a prohibition on live forfeits and game chasing just as a solicitation for regard for every other animal, including hirelings. Ashoka asked his kin to follow a veggie lover dietâ and restricted the act of consuming backwoods or horticultural squanders that may harbor wild creatures. A not insignificant rundown of creatures showed up on his ensured species list, including bulls, wild ducks, squirrels, deer, porcupines, and pigeons. Ashoka additionally governed with staggering openness. He noticed that I think of it as best to meet with individuals actually. Keeping that in mind, he went on visit visits around his realm. He likewise publicized that he would stop whatever he was doing if a matter of royal business required consideration, regardless of whether he was eating or resting. Also, Ashoka was worried about legal issues. His mentality toward sentenced crooks was very forgiving. He prohibited disciplines, for example, torment, expelling people groups eyes, and capital punishment, and he asked pardons for the old, those with families to help, and the individuals who were accomplishing altruistic work. At long last, in spite of the fact that Ashoka encouraged his kin to rehearse Buddhist qualities, he cultivated an environment of regard for all religions. Inside his realm, individuals followed the generally new Buddhist confidence as well as Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Greek polytheism, and numerous other conviction frameworks. Ashoka filled in for instance of resilience for his subjects, and his strict issues officials supported the act of any religion. Demise Ashoka the Great governed as an equitable and lenient ruler from his revelation in 265 until his passing at 72 years old in 232 BCE. His body was given a regal incineration function. Inheritance We don't have the foggiest idea about the names of a large portion of Ashokas spouses and kids, be that as it may, his twin youngsters by his first wife, a kid called Mahindra and a young lady named Sanghamitra, were instrumental in changing over Sri Lanka to Buddhism. After Ashokas demise, the Mauryan Empire kept on existing for a long time before going into a progressive decay. The last Mauryan sovereign was Brhadrata, who was killed in 185 BCE by one of his commanders, Pusyamitra Sunga. Despite the fact that his family didn't control for long after he was gone, Ashokas standards and his models lived on through the Vedas and his proclamations, which can at present be seen on columns today. Sources Lahiri, Nayanjot. Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press, 2015.Trainor, Kevin. Buddhism: the Illustrated Guide. Duncan Baird, 2004.

Who Else Wants to Learn About Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples?

Who Else Wants to Learn About Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples? What Does Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples Mean? So you wish to understand how to beat the SAT Essay. You will understand what to concentrate on and write about once you must take the SAT essay so that you get the maximum score possible. The essay is the initial section of every SAT. For instance, the SAT essay is simply 25 minutes. That means you can fool graders if you need to but I don't suggest it. SAT essay graders search for a good structure in an essay. Yes, colleges are supplied with student essays. Colleges that don't require the SAT Essay fall into the consider and don't consider camps. Many situations the application essay could be written with the aid of a college coach. 1 important part of an overall good college admissions plan is having a good test program. An outline also enables you to plan your writing by providing you a very clear awareness of direction when transitioning from 1 point to the next. Taking the opportunity to prepare an outline is going to keep you focused on the job at hand and permit you to take advantage of your time. There's no one-size-fits-all response to that question. Instead, learn to recognize word roots, then devote the remainder of your time learning reliable strategies you are able to use on the remainder of the test. It is very important to comprehend why you miss or struggle with a question so you do not make exactly the same mistakes later on. If you find a weird question that don't have any idea what things to do with, the remedy is just to ask a friend. Warning, but most colleges would like you to compose the essay, despite the fact that they won't be reading it. You will be provided information on the best way to lay out your essay so that you may write quicker and as successful as possible. Simply speaking, it offers you directions to make an impressive essay. You need to have a while to proofread your essay quickly. You're given 50 minutes to finish the essay. As stated above, you merely have twenty five minutes to compose your essay. You have twenty five minutes to finish the essay. You will be provided information about how to capture the grader's attention particularly in the very first and last paragraph which is remarkably important. As a result, if you crash out of time, at least the grader reads your very best effort. Looking for almost all of the college writing form will be supplied on free! Your work is to create the grader seem just like you agree. By doing this you're only helping create a high essay score by being knowledgeable on several subjects. The Lost Secret of Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples Do not neglect to refer to this while you compose the essay, besides offering your viewpoint. Each point ought to be explained in a different paragraph and flow logically between ideas. After the brief information is provided, a question is going to be asked. Which view you select is not the problem, what matters is you don't change your view. The Basics of Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples You Will be Able to Learn From Beginning Today Now, here it becomes interesting. After you are finished, you're given different examples with the score beside it. Yes, there are a few students who can pull that sort of fabrication off with aplomb, but in the majority of circumstances, can does not mean sh ould. Make sure that you have a good I.D. before you put in the SAT test on test day! The reason you're taking SAT's is to make certain you will succeed in college, especially on tests. You're given examples about how to impress the man or persons grading your SAT. You don't know when they can be convenient on the test.

Personal Statement And Core Values - 1861 Words

Personal Mission Statement and Core Values My personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and a balance that will maximize our potential that will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will afford me the opportunity to improve the life of others and myself for the better. Therefore, there are four particular core values that I live by each and every day. The four values are commitment, compassion, dedication, and optimism. The first core value, commitment, embodies the theme of loyalty and honor. I work hard each day to live up to the promises that I make to finish tasks, help others, and meet the expectations that I place on myself or by others. The second core value that I live by is compassion because I wholeheartedly believe in being kind to everyone and helping those in need. The third value that I live by is dedication. Along with the previous two values, dedication is an important factor because being dedicated to someone or something allows a person to display that personâ€⠄¢s character of being steadfast and passionate—even in the face of adversity. The fourth and final value that is a foundation for my personal mission isShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Core Value Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesCore Value 1: †¢ Family – Family is important to me because in my family blood is thicker than water. We are very supportive of one another and we spend time with each other during the holidays and have family reunions every 2-4 years. I would not be who I am without me family they are a reflection of who I am and what I aspire to be. Core Value 2: †¢ Faith - Faith is important to me because I feel like I’m able to build a connection with someone that knows me better than I know myself. While growingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Core Values2725 Words   |  11 Pagesstate my personal developmental plan that lists my strengths and weaknesses, recognizes patterns of behaviors that affect my leadership abilities, and creates a roadmap that will result in change to accomplish set, realistic goals. This paper will outline my core values, convey my vision statement, and outline methods I use for follow-up and evaluation of personal goal objectives. The first step in reaching my leadership potential is to identify and understand my personal core values. My core valuesRead MorePersonal Statement : My Core Values And My Pursuit Of A Master s Public Administration At Depaul University School868 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Through my personal and work experiences, I have had an opportunity to develop and strengthen my core values. These core values are duty, resourcefulness, change, and commitment. In this reflection paper, I will first identify my core values as I currently see them, and provide information as to their background, third define my current career goals, and lastly, explain how these core values and my pursuit of a Master s in Public Administration at DePaul University School of ServiceRead MorePersonal Statement : My Core Values And My Pursuit Of A Master s Public Administration At Depaul University School868 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Through my personal and work experiences, I have had an opportunity to develop and strengthen my core values. These core values are duty, resourcefulness, change, and commitment. In this reflection paper, I will first identify my core values as I currently see them, and provide information as to their background, third define my current career goals, and lastly, explain how these core values and my pursuit of a Master s in Public Administration at DePaul University School of ServiceRead MoreVission, Mission Core Values Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesVision, mission core values, which are aligned through all recruitment, training, controls and decision making. Developing a vision, mission and values is the foundation for long term success. If a vision and mission is recognized by all stakeholders and affects every hiring, strategic decision and communication; its effect can be magic. Developing a vision, mission and values is a serious business. It takes time and commitment, but it is worth it. The vision, mission core values answer three criticalRead MoreWhat A Mission Statement Is And What It Should Look Like Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesExamples are a great way to understand what a mission statement is and what it should look like. One example of an effective mission statement is that of the Xerox company, which states, â€Å"We believe improving the flow of work is core to helping our clients be more successful and making the world a better place. By providing our customers with business process services, printing equipment, and software and solutions, we enable greater productivity, efficiency, work capacity and personalization† (XeroxRead MoreMy Personal Statement : My Goals864 Words   |  4 PagesMy personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and balance that will to maximize our potential tha t will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will affordRead MoreEvaluation Of Burnham Hospital s Mission, Vision, And Values Statements959 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of McLean Hospital’s Mission, Vision, and Values Statements Simply put, a mission statement is why an organization exists, while the vision statement depicts what the organization hopes to become in the future, and values define the expected cultural norms of employees’ behavior for fulfilling its mission and vision (Ginter, Duncan, Swayne, 2013, p.167). For these statements to serve their function, they should be concise, memorable, and consistent with the current practice. This essayRead MoreSaint Leo University Core Values and Apa Code of Conduct994 Words   |  4 PagesSaint Leo University Core Values and APA Code of Conduct At Saint Leo University we have a Values Statement that contains six basic core values. They are as follows; Excellence, Community, Respect, Personal Development, Responsible Stewardship, and Integrity, each with a definition of what they mean to the university. As with all core values, these are a set of standards we strive to live by. These values all have individual definitions and meanings, some of which can be subjective to mostRead MoreBus 475 Week 2 Team Paper1476 Words   |  6 PagesApple Values and Alignment Values are beliefs and philosophies, by which companies try to maintain in their mission and vision. Values identify who and what, a company represents by their actions. It is easy to say one thing, and turn around and do the opposite. Both, individuals and companies, possess values, by which they express and live by. Apple, Inc. has an established set of core values that guide them through the success of their employees, customers, and the business entity. Individual

If You Were Rachel s Healthcare Provider - 920 Words

If you were Rachel s healthcare provider, what would you do? Understanding the significance of Rachel’s genetic test results provides an ethical dilemma as her provider. Ethically, the provider is responsible for doing what is best for the individual but must also adhere to legal standards. It is the responsibility of the provider to encourage Rachel to share the significance of her findings with both of her sisters and to ensure she completely understands the implications of the results and the potential negative impact of not informing her sister. The provider may suggest Rachel attend genetic counseling for a better understanding and encourage her to communicate with Lisa who may be willing to communicate with Kristin the genetic findings. However, if Rachel chooses not to do this, the provider must abide by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) which ensures one’s health information remains confidential and does not disclose this informatio n to anyone without Rachel’s consent to prevent any legality issues (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). The pathological processes associated with breast cancer Cancer is described as the abnormal growth of cells. Normal cells are replaced with abnormal cells in which their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been damaged or augmented (McCance Huether, 2014). Cancer cells with their various DNA changes are characterized by growing uncontrollably, being immortal with an unlimited lifespanShow MoreRelatedSmartphones and Social Media994 Words   |  4 Pagesare many opportunities and challenges with the use of Smartphones in the healthcare field not all are beneficial. The lost will be greater than the gain of benefits when patients and healthcare workers well-being and livelihood are being compromised. Even though Smartphones have some advantages and disadvantages, but the jury is still out to whether the advantages of the Smartphone out weigh the disadvantages in healthcare and social Media. Especially, when Smartphones are being abused and misusedRead MoreEffective Patient Centered, Cult urally Competent, Holistic Care1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthe culture of others; to respect other s values, beliefs, and expectations.†(Edelman, Kudzma, Mandle, 2014). In order to provide quality, safe and efficient care and meet patient s needs, nurses must expand their cultural knowledge, be aware about patient s culture, and have â€Å"an honest desire to disregard personal biases and to treat every person with respect.â€Å"(Edelman, Kudzma, Mandle, 2014). The Heritage Assessment Tool (HAT) was introduced by Rachel Spector in 2000. 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Therefore, methods of how to understand and interact with the victims of neglect were needed for professionals in the fields of medicine, law, and education. Being born into an upper-class family in the 20th century, John Bowlby was a prime exampleRead MoreFactors Of Health Care Within A Rural Setting3590 Words   |  15 PagesFACTORS OF HEALTH CARE IN A RURAL SETTING Rachel Lafitaga, Marissa Lum James B. Castle High School February 24, 2015 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..3 3. Factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 a. Living Conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 b. Economic Situations Transportation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 c. Religious/ Cultural Beliefs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 4. Molokai, Hawaii†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 5. North CarolinaRead MorePatchwork Essay on leading and management in nursing5444 Words   |  22 PagesReceipt: Please complete the details below prior to submitting your work (Hard copy only*) Student Name: Rachel Hislaire Module Code HSM051 For office use only: Please use official stamp here *If you submit your work electronically you will receive email confirmation of submission Coursework Declaration Sheet This declaration sheet will be retained in the office in case of queries. It confirms that you have read and complied with the guidelines on plagiarism. For hard copy, attach this declaration sheetRead MoreWomen, Work, and Babies1766 Words   |  8 Pagesuniform of everyone hobbling away. Few fight as fiercely as a mother defending her children and her choices for her family. The battle will resume, however, as soon as a media-fueled alarm is sounded and a talking head commands the charge. Childcare provider and news commentator Judy Lyden speaks of this on-going war as such: â€Å"Every few years, women throw emotional rocks at one another over the issue of staying at home to rear a child or going out to work leaving a child in childcare† (qtd. in â€Å"WorkingRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagespertaining to where the pain is, what it feels like, how strong the pain and when it tends to occur (Sarafino, 2012, p. 265). The Field of Psychophysics: The research methods of the structuralists, based on observation, experimentation and measurement, were in the highest tradition of science. Researchers in psychophysics ask subjects to report whether a second tone sounds louder than the first. Self-reports are requested from people exposed to unusual environments, such as weightlessness for space flightRead MoreCase study of Dell Essay17119 Words   |  69 Pagesin the world and have an impact on the globe. Dell Computer Corporation was created in 1984, with its unique direct sales model achieved extraordinary results, and quickly became the worlds first volume, the fastest growing computer company. Bruno S Sergi 2012 In this paper, Dell Computer will be the research object. It will use the strategic management, marketing management, human resource management and international business theories and methods to analyze the situation of Dell Computer MarketingRead MoreCase Study on Ebay18810 Words   |  76 Pagesto be a very big market for m-commerce (mobile commerce) as well as e-commerce.†1 − Meg Whitman, President and CEO, eBay Inc, in 2006. (10marks) (20marks) (15marks) (20marks) â€Å"I think it’s a question of recognizing that they were not achieving what they were hoping to, and finding a solution that offers them a better opportunity for the long term†¦. I think âˆâ€" The case is prepared only for the purpose of examination and not to illustrate effective or ineffective performance of the company

Halting the wheels of hope free essay sample

The concept of governmental tyranny is often difficult to grasp to those living in more democratic nations, and media output and literature become key in growing to understand it’s implications. Serving to heighten this political perspective is â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China† by Fred Strebeigh, which describes China’s bicycle ban in 1989 and subsequent protests in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. The bicycle provided significant growth and freedom within Chinese culture, and Strebeigh endeavors to communicate this to readers. Illustrating this, he defends the will of the people to preserve their right to ride them in the face of government opposition, and the tragedy imposed by political oppression. Upon the bicycle’s introduction to the people of China in the early 20th century, many looked to it through eyes of bewilderment. A fascinating and not yet popularized machine, it was most commonly ridden by members of affluent societies. As it’s newness wore off, however, it slowly became available those of the more humble classes, and in place of the word â€Å"bicycle†, the term â€Å"foreign horse† found it’s use in the minds and mouths of the masses. We will write a custom essay sample on Halting the wheels of hope or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Strebeigh includes that the term â€Å"foreign† communicated the people’s feelings of admiration for the bicycle while alluding to the fact that it was modern. The peasantry of China found themselves with the deepest sense of admiration for the â€Å"foreign horse†. To them, the thought of owning one brought to mind the ease it could bring to their everyday lives, as they often carried burdensome loads on their backs. Yet, the low supply and thus high cost of the bicycle made it’s acquisition impractical for them. In response to the desire, the government later began regulating higher production rates of the bicycle to readily supply them to the impoverished and raise morale. However, the term â€Å"foreign horse† was banned in light of it’s glorification of another nation’s ingenuity, highlighting the extremes of the Chinese government to exercise their sovereign of the people. In it’s place, the name â€Å"self-running cart†. This served to express the government sentiment that the people could have what they wanted, but only at it’somplete jurisdiction. The people tolerated the name change of their beloved bicycles, as the trade-off of name for it’s widespread distribution was easy enough, and many still used it’s original moniker in private. Following it’s popularization, the lives of many saw an enrichment in quality. The dignity of the people improved, as it granted them new freedoms and eased the stress of everyday tasks, al lowing for flourishing business and connectedness within communities. Perhaps stated best, Strebeigh wrote of it’s wide use, â€Å"Everywhere, cycles kept life rolling† (Strebeigh). In addition to heightening the commerce of societies, it introduced the occupation of bicycle repair, which Stebeigh revered as perhaps the â€Å"freest† job in China. In it’s praise, he wrote, â€Å"A hard worker needed only a street corner and a few tools. Before his eyes bikes would inevitably break down and, if he was skilled, clients would multiply. Bicycle repair seemed to offer an extension of what the bike itself offered and what so many Chinese sought: modest dignity, new choices, ample freedom. † (Strebeigh). Bike repair was a choice outside of the typical, and entirely pursued as an individual pleased. Sadly, it was the bicycles issuance of dignity, choices, and freedom that that ultimately inflicted threat upon the Chinese government. They understood that with bike ownership, the people were growing to a height of advantage. It was their supposition that, if the people continued in such a fashion, government control perhaps had the potential to become menial. To ensure that their ultimate authority was not being overlooked, a ban was placed on bicycles within China. News of this did not come amicably to the people, and their response was protest. It was Tianenmen Square in Bejing which saw the organization of a large-scale demonstration which rallied for government reform. It lasted weeks, and ended upon the mobilization of troops to the area. Their invasion was destructive and resulted in the loss of many lives as troops initiated the use of tanks and weaponry to control the people. In media coverage, it was not the bloodied bodies of victims that were aired on television screens in Chinese homes, but rather the depiction of bicycles which had been crushed by the military. Of it, Strebeigh writes, â€Å"They wanted to show crushed dignity, crushed humanity, crushed freedomso much that the bicycle means in China. † (Strebeigh). This image was a wise devise of the government. They knew what the bicycle represented to the people, and knew that to show it destroyed would communicate their dominance and triumph. The concept of tyrannical rule and its implied bleakness are often incomprehensible, or altogether unrecognized by the people of more democratic countries given their many freedoms. With the words of Fred Strebeigh, however, perspective expands. The honor of an object as seemingly simple as a bicycle becomes worthy of defense, even dying for, and the tragedy of oppressive rule becomes very real. Works Cited

A biosensor is an analytical device Essay Example

A biosensor is an analytical device Essay Example A biosensor is an analytical device Paper A biosensor is an analytical device Paper Essay Topic: Analytical A biosensor is an analytical device which uses biologically-sensitive material to detect biological or chemical species directly without the need for complex sample processing. It is usually made by attaching a biologically-sensitive material to a suitable transducing system, which converts the biochemical response into a quantifiable and processable electrical signal (Ngweinbi Suleiman, 1990). The biologically-sensitive materials can be an enzyme, multienzyme system, organelle, membrane component, a bacterial cell or other whole cell, an antibody or an antigen, or whole slices of mammalian or plant tissues, etc. These materials are responsible for the recognition of the test species in the mixture and provide the selectivity and sensitivity of the final device. When biological molecules interact specifically and reversibly, there is a change in one or more physico-chemical parameters associated with the interaction. This change may produce ions, electrons, gases, heat, mass or light. These quantities are converted into electrical signals by the transducers, amplified, processed and displayed in a suitable form (Sethi, 1994). Biosensors are devices that combine the selectivity and specificity of a biological component with a suitable transducer. The biological sensing element, usually an enzyme or an antibody, recognizes the complementary molecule and the resulting biochemical changes are transduced into a concentration dependant proportional signal (Calvo Danilowicz, 1997). In order to measure a physical quantity, a sensor must fulfill a number of criteria which indicate its aptitude for meeting the requirement. All useful information about a physical event can be obtained if the biosensor provides a signal that has a direct relationship with the quantity under investigation. The biosensor must also meet the requirements connected with the measurement itself, which are repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, sensitivity, a linear region of response, and a good response time (Tran, 1993, p.8). The most fundamental principles for classifying biosensors depends on the measurement of fractional occupancy of ab binding sites, as the occupancy of the ab binding sites by the analyte depends on the analyte concentration in the sample. Anayte binding by the ab does not generate a signal, which can be easily measured. Therefore, indirect immunosensors require a tracer as helper agent (Bilitewski, Turner, p.118). In a biosensor, the transducer plays a physical role, and the biorecepor has the role of molecular recognition. The information decoded by the bioreceptor is converted into an electrical signal by transducer, using measuring techniques like potentiometry, amperometry, thermometry or photometry, all of which are based on the variation of physical quantities (Trans, 1993, p.10).

Save an Endangered Species Classroom Campaign

Save an Endangered Species Classroom Campaign In this Lesson Plan, students aged 5–8 are provided a way to gain a deeper understanding of how human activities affect the survival of other species on earth. In the space of two or three class periods, student groups will develop advertising campaigns to save endangered species. Background Species become endangered and go extinct for many complex reasons, but some of the primary causes are easy to pin down. Prepare for the lesson by considering five major causes of species decline: 1. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction is the most critical factor affecting the endangerment of species. As more people populate the planet, human activities destroy more wild habitats and pollute the natural landscape. These actions kill some species outright and push others into areas where they cant find the food and shelter they need to survive. Often, when one animal suffers from human encroachment, it affects many other species in its food web, so more than one species population begins to decline. 2. Introduction of Exotic Species An exotic species is an animal, plant, or insect that is transplanted, or introduced, to a place where it did not evolve naturally. Exotic species often have a predatory or competitive advantage over native species, which have been a part of a particular biological environment for centuries. Even though native species are well adapted to their surroundings, they may not be able to deal with species that closely compete with them for food or hunt in ways that native species have not developed defenses against. As a result, native species either cannot find enough food to survive or are killed in such numbers as to endanger survival as a species. 3. Illegal Hunting Species all over the world are hunted illegally (also known as poaching). When hunters ignore governmental rules that regulate the number of animals that should be hunted, they reduce populations to the point that species become endangered. 4. Legal Exploitation Even legal hunting, fishing, and gathering of wild species can lead to population reductions that force species to become endangered. 5. Natural Causes Extinction is a natural biological process that has been a part of species evolution since the beginning of time, long before humans were a part of the worlds biota. Natural factors such as overspecialization, competition, climate change, or catastrophic events like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have driven species to endangerment and extinction. Student Discussion Get students focused on endangered species and initiate a thoughtful discussion with a few questions, such as: What does it mean for a species to be endangered?Do you know of any animals or plants that are endangered (or have gone extinct)?Can you think of reasons why species become endangered?Do you see activities in your local area that could affect animal or plant species in a negative way?Does it matter that species decline or go extinct?How might one species extinction affect other species (including humans)?How can society change behaviors to help species recover?How can one person make a difference? Gearing Up Divide the class into groups of two to four students. Provide each group with poster board, art supplies, and magazines that feature photos of endangered species (National Geographic, Ranger Rick, National Wildlife, etc.). To make presentation boards visually exciting, encourage students to use bold headings, drawings, photo collages, and creative touches. Artistic/drawing talent is not part of the criteria, but its important that students use their individual creative strengths to produce an engaging campaign. Research Assign an endangered species to each group or have students draw a species from a hat. You can find endangered species ideas at ARKive. Groups will spend one class period (and optional homework time) researching their species using the internet, books, and magazines. Focal points include: Species nameGeographic location (maps make good visuals)Number of individuals left in the wildHabitat and diet informationThreats to this species and its environmentWhy is this species important/interesting/worth saving? Conservation efforts that are helping to protect this species in the wild (are these animals being captivity bred in zoos?) Students will then determine a course of action to help save their species and develop an advertising campaign to gain support for their cause. Strategies might include: Fundraising to purchase and restore habitat (suggest innovative approaches like a comedy tour, a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹film festival, a prize giveaway, an  endangered species adoption program, a movie about the cause)Petitions and appeals to legislatorsA proposed ban on an activity that harms their speciesA captive breeding and wild release programAn appeal to get celebrities behind the cause Campaign Presentations Campaigns will be shared with the class in the form of a poster and persuasive verbal presentation. Students will organize their research on posters with photos, drawings, maps, and other related graphics. Remind students that effective advertising captures attention, and unique approaches are encouraged when it comes to presenting a species plight. Humor is a great tactic to engage an audience, and shocking or sad stories elicit peoples emotions. The goal of each groups campaign is to persuade their audience (the class) to care about a particular species and motivate them to climb aboard the conservation effort. After all of the campaigns have been presented, consider holding a class vote to determine which presentation was the most persuasive.

Reduction Plan on Vehicle Emission in Rural Areas Term Paper

Reduction Plan on Vehicle Emission in Rural Areas - Term Paper Example The way of doing business in almost all of the industries has experienced major shifts. The effects of globalization have made the world a smaller place to live in as the citizens today have a much wider reach. The effects of globalization have literally written-off the geographical borders of the national as well as international boundaries. Such factors have invariably increased competition. On the one hand, it is true that the competition has proved beneficial for the customers as it has reduced the price and time lag but on the other hand, globalization also has many ill-effects as it increases use of machines and equipment as well as vehicles. Such increase invariably has positive contributions toward the greatest challenge of the present world like global warming. The increased purchasing power of the people contributes toward the higher standard of living. Such standards call for greater use of vehicles. And there is no doubt that the United States is one of the most developed nations of the world. Such greater usage of vehicles is not only affecting the busy city and the urban areas but also the rural counterparts of the country. Located in the mid-western region of the United States of America, Iowa is no doubt one of the prominent states of the country. As per the census of the United States, the state mostly comprises of the urban population with the figure of more than 60% as of 2000. Also, the growth in the urban population is more as it has grown by around 8% in the period between 2000 to 2008 (Iowa Data Center, n.d.). It is often perceived that the state of Iowa that is located at the heartland of the United States has agriculture as one of the major occupations for its citizens but the fact is that the main sources of occupation include manufacturing, finance, biotechnology, and government services. It can be said that the state of Iowa has a diversified economy.  

Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description - Essay Example The trip started out smoothly and nobody felt even a tinge of tiredness. On the way to the Big Bear, we halted at Seven Eleven to grab some energy drinks and continued our trip singing out loudly. The freeway that led us to the mountain was nearly empty and the view was enchanting. We were surrounded by nature with both sides of the freeway covered with mountains and trees. As we neared the mountain, I noticed a sign board that read, â€Å"Snow Chains required beyond this point† and Highway Patrols were blocking the entrance of the mountain. Upon enquiry, they told us that as it had snowed all night the road ahead was covered with snow and ice and that we would require tire chains to move ahead. On hearing this, however, our excitement did not wean and we drove back to the city below the mountains and bought some tire chains. We then pulled over just before the blockade, to put on the chains. The weather outside was freezing cold as we got out of the car which was a black two- door coupe model with a long hood, a short trunk and big tires. I had previously encountered problems with the tires as they had a tendency to slip when the ground was wet. But now I was not worried as the snow chains looked powerful and reliable, though it was quite a challenge to fix them. After struggling with the chains for about 30 minutes, my hands began to feel cold and sensitive due to the freezing weather. The effort was in vain and we finally engaged a mechanic to fix the chains and paid him $50 for the job. Another problem also lay ahead as I had never driven on icy roads. Though I took pride in my driving skills I was a bit apprehensive at that moment. As I resumed driving, the mountain road seemed fine from where the Highway Patrols stopped us, but once we reached the first curve, the true reality of the situation dawned on us. The road ahead was completely snow covered with only a few sections of the road visible. There were curves once after every 300 feet with

The Same Story Essay Example for Free

The Same Story Essay Write A Detailed Comparison On The Way Of How A Tabloid Newspaper (The Sun) And A Broadsheet Newspaper (The Times) Treat The Same Story. The purpose of this essay is to write a detailed comparison based on the ways of how different newspapers present their data in order to attract custom. I will be looking closely at the presentation, content and style of a tabloid newspaper (The Sun) and a broadsheet newspaper (The Times). To enable this assessment to be fair, I will be concentrating on a particular event, which happened back in 1986. The article in which I will be focusing on is about an Arab man (Nezar Hindawi) who tried to dupe his pregnant girlfriend. The Arab had planted an explosive in the luggage belonging to his intended wife and sent her as a human time bomb to board a jet containing more than four hundred unsuspecting passengers and crew. Newspaper articles always consists of a subject heading; to attract a reader to a story, subheadings; to guide the reader through the story, and paragraph sections which contain necessary details appropriate for the clarification of the story for the reader it targets. The language and visual appearance are the key factors to the contents of a newspaper, and the editors pride themselves on a politically correct informative style of journalism, suitable for the newspaper they are promoting. The visual appearance is a very important aspect of both a tabloid and a broadsheet newspaper layout, as it has to capture the publics eye. If it fails to do this, there will be a decline in public interests and sales would decrease through loss of custom. The standards of the newspaper should be of the same quality each time it comes off the press, otherwise the public turn towards other companies. The consistency of this standard is vital to the consumer who expects a particular style. Newspaper companies often run the beginning of the story on the front page and continue it on a later page. The importance of the story is usually included in the information given on the front page. The story about the human time bomb hit the front pages of the Sun and The Times. The two companies displayed the story in extremely different ways. The Sun used most of the space on the front page for this article. The size of a tabloid newspaper is suitable to fit into small places, and it does not create the problem of folding over when being read, like a broadsheet does. The only other information featured on the page was an advertisement for the Sam Frocks Collection and another for the i 50,000 Bingo prize for that days winner. The journalists managed to fill it with a big, bold WANTED sign stretching from one side of the page to the other as well as a quarter page black and white picture of the Arab, and a twenty-one worded headline placed just above the tiny amount of text that was squashed into the bottom corner. To make the headline eyecatching the W. O. B technique was used. W. O. B is an abbreviation for White On Black. This is effective because it darkens the space around the writing enabling the words to make a dramatic appearance. This technique was used in three different places throughout the front page. It is used in the papers name appearance, the advert featured and the headline of the Arab story. In comparison, The Times displayed many of their articles on the front page. The Times is able to provide more detailed stories, as it is longer and wider than The Sun. Broadsheets are often carried under the arm, as they are too big to store in a handbag or suitcase. The Arab rat article was placed at the top of the page in a tiny space. The other information included on the page is an advertisement for Swindon Enterprise, a cartoon caption and articles such as England Down And Out, Pledge On Terror Even At Cost Of Life, Thousands Seek To Flee Tripoli. Within the space provided for this story the editor inserted a small picture of the Arab, with a caption just beneath it, a headline, a sub headline, and the text. The picture in The Times used for the article was the same picture as the editor of the Sun had used. The only difference between the two photographs is the size.

The Role of Climate Change in Coral Reef Destruction Essay -- Global W

Climate change is arguably one of the most discussed issues in climatic conferences and political debates across the world. Establishment of the fact that global warming is the leading cause of climate change continues to persuade people to find out ways of reducing or mitigating the effects it has on the earth. Global warming occurs naturally, but artificial causes, which are mainly human activities, contribute to this effect. The release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from human activates has led to a 0.60C rise in global temperatures (Walther et al., 2002). This implies that different life forms are affected in one way or the other given the effect of temperature on life. Different species of flora and fauna have and continue to suffer the effect of climatic changes. Coral reef is one of seawater features that have been affected by climatic changes. This has led to destruction through coral bleaching and increased mortality, especially due to the warming of the sea that causes an increase in sea water levels (Bakerl, Glynn & Riegl, 2008). An increase in global temperature also increases ocean acidification (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). These occurrences destroy reefs resulting in a significant drop in other sea organisms that depend on the reef. This implies that climatic changes are among the most destructive environmental elements affecting coral reef population in the world. To understand how climatic changes affect coral reef population, it is important to consider different ecological processes that occur due to climatic changes, the most common being the rise in global temperatures. Results from Different Studies Investigating the Role of Climate Change in Coral Reef Destruction Evidence of Sea Acidi... ...igher—Can We Do Anything About It?. National Geographic. Retrieved Nov 11, 2013: http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-level-rise/ Obura, D. (2005). Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the Western Indian Ocean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 63, 353–372. Obura, D. & Grimsditch, D. (2009). Coral reefs, climate change and resilience : an agenda for action from the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Neptune: IUCN. Smith, V. & Buddemeier, W. (1992). Global change and coral ecosystems . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 23, 89-118. Sutthacheepn, M. et al. (2013). Impacts of the 1998 and 2010 mass coral bleaching events on the Western Gulf of Thailand. Deep-Sea Research II, 96, 25–31. Walther, G. et al. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416, 389-395.

Acl Reconstruction Graft Information

Graft report Patellar graft The patellar tendon bone-tendon-bone graft has been the â€Å"gold standard† graft choice for ACL reconstructions since it became common practice in the mid-1980. It has been used extensively by surgeons since that time and still remains the graft of choice for a high number of orthopedists who perform this surgery regularly. The patellar tendon graft has consistently demonstrated excellent surgical outcomes with a 90-95% success rate in terms of returning to pre-injury level of sports.A patellar tendon graft is harvested through a 3-4†³ long incision based just along the medial border of the tendon†¦ The middle third of the tendon 10-11 mm wide is then removed along with 2-2. 5 cm long bone blocks still apart of the tendon at each end of the graft from the tibial tubercle and the outer surface of the patella. This gives a composite bone-tendon-bone graft that has very strong insertion points of the tendon soft tissue into bone. The tensil e strength of this graft has been measured by Noyes (1984) to be about 2950 Newton’s to failure, versus the strength of an intact ACL at 2160 N.What happens to the remaining patellar tendon after a third of it has been removed? Over the course of three to four months after surgery the tendon regenerates or â€Å"grows back†. Initially it seems to overgrow into a thick, large tendon that then remodels back to a more normal contour by 12-18 months postoperatively. Surgeons have even been able to re-harvest another patellar tendon graft from the original tendon once enough time has passed for tendon reconstitution (although there's now evidence that this repaired tissue may not be as strong as normal patellar tendon tissue).Patellar tendon ruptures at the donor site are unlikely after the first few months post-op. Patellar tendon ruptures can and do occur however during the initial 6-8 weeks after surgery if the remaining tendon is stressed too hard. One of the advantages of this construct is that because the bone-tendon interface is quite strong, the surgeon only has to fix the block of bone in the bone tunnel rather than trying to fix the soft tissue itself.A headless screw is inserted next to the bone plug (like a square peg in a round hole) to interference fit and locks the bone in place. The patellar tendon fibers are thereby immediately secured and are stable enough to begin motion and weight bearing when tolerated. The ends of the graft heal bone-to-bone in around 6-8 weeks, which appears to be quicker than the healing process for soft tissue-to-bone. Interference screws are now available in a bioresorbable material that actually dissolves within the bone over 2 to 3 years.The â€Å"gold standard† graft isn't perfect, however. There may be more pain associated with this donor site than from any of the other graft choices. As a result there is sometimes a greater initial atrophy or wasting response of the quadriceps muscle compared to s ay either a hamstring or cadaver allograft. This can require more prolonged physical therapy to recover from and could possibly delay the initial return to sports. The incision (scar) is bigger, and almost all patients end up with a permanent loss of sensation 2-3†³ in size just lateral to the incision.There is a risk of patellar tendon ruptures, as well as fracturing the patella both intraoperative as well as postoperatively, although bone grafting the defect in the patella at the time of surgery has reduced the incidence of the latter. Patients who kneel a lot for a living are often unhappy with the patellar tenderness and sensitivity that can occur at the incision site and should probably consider an alternative graft choice. One of the bigger issues with patellar tendon grafts that recently has a number of orthopedists switching to alternative grafts is the incidence of anterior knee pain when patients try to resume athletic activities.Specifically there are some studies5 s howing an increased rate of patellofemoral pain and/or tendonitis of the patellar tendon with stairs, jumping, skiing and other such activities 6-12 months out from surgery. Ultimately these are often treatable with continued strengthening, rest from sports, and time, but these symptoms can delay the expected time of return to sports. In summary, the patellar tendon BTB graft is a safe and effective option for ACL reconstruction. It has a consistently successful clinical track record at all levels of athletic activity with excellent outcomes and reproducible results.Its major disadvantages are primarily increased tenderness kneeling on the donor incision site, and the possible risk of problems with patellar and patellar tendon pain upon initial return to sports. Semitendinosus Semitendinosus grafts are made with the semitendinosus tendon either alone, or accompanied by the gracilis tendon for a stronger graft. The semitendinosus is an accessory hamstring (the primary hamstrings are left intact), and the gracilis is actually not a hamstring, but an accessory adductor (the primary adductors are left intact as well).The two tendons are commonly combined and referred to as a four strand hamstring graft, made by a long piece. which is removed from each tendon. The tendon segments are folded and braided together to form a quadruple thickness strand for the replacement graft. The braided segment is threaded through the heads of tibia and femur and its ends fixated with screws on the opposite sides of the two bones. Hamstring grafts require a smaller incision and are usually less painful to harvest.Thus the initial postoperative period is often easier and more comfortable with this graft choice. Similarly, because there is no violation of the patellar tendon, there seem to be fewer problems with knee pain during the first few months that a patient is allowed to return to sports. The hamstring incision is away from the patella so patients are usually comfortable kneeli ng after their reconstruction. Because the quadriceps extensor mechanism isn't violated with a hamstring harvest there is often less initial quadriceps atrophy.With a quicker return of knee quadriceps strength some surgeons are allowing their fully recovered patients to return to sports a month or two earlier than they might for a patellar tendon BTB graft.. However there have not been any scientific studies examining the tensile strength to failure of a human ACL graft at three months after implantation that would support this approach. Certainly the animal research done on patellar tendon tensile strength in rhesus monkeys suggested that the graft was actually weakest at 3 months out before maturing at 6 months post-surgery.However the truth is that soft tissue-to-bone healing occurs at a slower rate than bone-to-bone healing. A number of surgeons are concerned that this fact is being ignored when patients are placed into an accelerated rehab without allowing extra time for the gr aft ends to begin to heal to the bone tunnels another disadvantage of hamstring tendon grafts is that harvesting them is a technically demanding procedure that requires considerable surgical experience. Pitfalls such as transecting (cutting in half) a tendon or injuring nerves or ligaments in the area of dissection are possible during the stripping process.There is also a different technique for tensioning the hamstring tendon in the knee once the femoral end has been secured. The graft needs to be pre-tensioned and it's important that each of the four graft ends be individually tensioned during the tibial fixation for best results. Allographs Another alternative available however is to use tissue from a cadaver that is called an allograft. Patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, and even Achilles tendon allografts can be used as ACL graft tissues and are inserted and fixed with the same techniques that are used for autografts.The advantages of using cadaver graft tissue are obvious; no risks, pain, or scars from the donor site. Surgical time is quicker and because there is considerably less discomfort postoperatively, the incidence of joint stiffness and atrophy of the quadriceps muscle is significantly reduced. Allografts are a good choice when there are limitations in a patient's own tissue availability. Complicated multiple ligament reconstructions needing several grafts routinely require the use of allograft tissue in addition to an autograft.Revision ACL reconstructions where an autograft has already been harvested are also an indication for using a cadaver grafts.. The biggest concern with using allografts is the risk of contracting a serious infection from the cadaveric tissue. Hepatitis and HIV can be transmitted through these tissues with potentially fatal outcomes. Bacterial infections are also a possibility and although not usually life threatening, can result in loss of the graft and cause subsequent arthritis. The dilemma with allografts is that they can't be 100% sterilized without altering or even destroying the tensile strength of the graft tissue.Imagine what happens to any food that is pressure-cooked at temperatures over 270 ° F under pressure for 10 minutes and you'll understand what happens to a patellar tendon graft sterilized in an autoclave. Similarly, radiating grafts with high enough doses to kill viruses has been shown to alter the collagen tissue and reduce the graft's tensile strength. Currently the preferred allograft treatment technique is a fresh frozen graft; the tissue is harvested, cleaned and then frozen in liquid nitrogen.The cadaver is screened extensively with hepatitis and HIV testing as well as a life style analysis to identify any high-risk behavior for these illnesses. Blood tests for HIV, however, are not infallible because they can lag 6 months between the time of infection and the conversion to a positive test. Nevertheless, the process is fairly safe and the published rate of contracting HIV f rom these tissue allografts is between 1 in 1. 2 to 2 million. There are some graft procurement companies who are able to do actual direct HIV viral testing on their tissues which lowers the risks even more.And several companies have developed proprietary cleaning techniques that they claim can guarantee sterility of their graft tissues. Some grafts are also treated with low dose irradiation (1-2 Mrads) in a compromise attempt to provide some degree of sterilization without damaging the tissue characteristics. Unfortunately there are some studies indicating that ACL reconstructions using these tissues may stretch out over time so non-irradiated grafts would be the ideal structural choice if infection were not a concern.Unlike organ transplants, allografts aren't usually at risk for tissue rejection by the host. This is because there's very little protein antigen in these washed grafts (the bone ends are completely cleansed of any marrow elements). The majority of the grafts are prim arily made up of collagen, which has very low antigenicity. Laboratory studies have shown that there is universally a low grade immune reaction to insertion of these foreign tissues, but this doesn't appear to be clinically significant in terms of achieving a successful outcome.Bone tunnel widening is sometimes seen with the use of allografts, but similar to the case of hamstring grafts, doesn't seem to have any significance in terms of functional problems. There are some early studies suggesting that allografts take longer to heal in the knee than comparable autograft tissue. At the same time the patient is recovering from the surgery quicker because of the reduced pain and morbidity of not having donated their own graft tissue. Typically allograft patients will feel like they're ready to get back into sports in just 3 or 4 months since their full strength and joint mobility are often achieved at that point.The combination of delayed allograft incorporation with an accelerated reco very can obviously spell disaster in terms of the ACL graft stretching or rupturing altogether. So patients with allografts must completely understand the healing process and comply with the temporary restrictions even though they may think their bodies are telling them it's OK to be doing more athletically. It takes a lot of mental discipline. And obviously it's a misconception that an athlete can return to sports earlier using an allograft in view of the above. The last disadvantage of allografts relates to the practical issues of cost and availability.There has been a national shortage of patellar tendon allografts due to increasing demand combined a low supply of suitably qualified cadavers. This shortage has been created in part by physicians who routinely use allografts as their first choice for ACL reconstruction grafts in spite of the fact that autograft tissues work wonderfully. Other cadaveric tissues such as hamstrings, Achilles tendons, and even anterior tibialis and pos terior tibialis tendons (some of the ankle tendons) are often being used instead of patellar tendons due to this availability issue.Some surgeons simply don't have ready access to the facilities that procure and process allografts. And allografts are expensive, running anywhere from $2000 to $10,000 depending on the tissue type and your geographic location My Choice If I needed to go into surgery for an ACL reconstruction surgery and I had to choose from one of these graft options, I would choose to go with the semitendinosus graft. I would shy away from the allograft mainly because I am uncomfortable with the whole idea of donor replacements being implanted in my body.Along with the great threat of infection the allograft also tends to be hard to obtain with a nationwide shortage of acceptable cadavers, therefore making them very expensive. When comparing the patellar graft and the semitendinosus graft its hard to find much of a difference in the results, both offer good knee stabi lity with minimal adverse effects after surgery. However, the semitendinosus graft affects a much different and less major tendon group, in return providing less knee related problems after surgery therefore giving it the advantage over the patellar graft in my eyes.

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